Fragments

A fragment is a group of words posed as a sentence. However, these word groupings cannot stand alone and make sense.

"Tangled in the jewelry box."

When fragments appear next to other sentences in a specific context, they can be difficult to spot.

"That's when I saw the necklace. Tangled in the jewelry box."

The fragment is usually missing either a subject or a verb. In this case, the question would be what is lying in the middle of the floor? We can answer that if the fragment is in context. In this case the answer is the necklace. To fix the fragment, many times you can put the fragment with another sentence or transform it into a sentence.

"That's when I saw the necklace tangled in the jewelry box."

Or:

"That's when I saw the necklace. It was tangled in the jewelry box."

Some writers use fragments to emphasize other sentences or certain points. If you choose to do so, always make sure the fragment will be easily understood from the surrounding text so your reader will not be confused.

Writing (Communications): Avoid expletives.

If you're old enough to remember Richard Nixon, you may think "expletives" means naughty words. But, in the sentence- structure sense, an expletive is simply a sentence that begins with "There are" or "It is." It is acceptable to use this structure on occasion, but using it too often will signal a lack of strength and creativity on your part.

Writing (Communications): Avoid exclamation points.

Unless you are writing a children's book or cartoon strip, exclamation points should be avoided. They suggest effusiveness, not a prized quality in business writing. The period is the mark you need for almost all the writing you do--especially business writing. Remember, the exclamation point should be reserved for those rare occasions when you needs to express surprise or excitement.

When to Use "Me," I," and "Myself"

"Myself" should never be used as a substitute for "me" or "I."
"Myself" can be used reflexively and a reflexive pronoun can be used in three situations. 1)When the subject and object of the sentence are the same. Ex. "I love myself." 2)As the object of the preposition referring to the subject. Ex. "I bought dinner for myself." 3)Emphasizing subject. Ex. "I'll do it myself."

Now, on to when you should use "me" and when you should use "I."
Use "me" when you are referring to the object of the sentence (someone who has had something done to them. Ex. "Read a story to Timmy and me." It is incorrect to say, "Read a story to Timmy and I."
Use "I" when you are referring to the subject of the sentence (someone who has done something) Ex. "Jerry and I just bought a new house." It is incorrect to say, "Me and Jerry just bought a new house."

Here's a good guide to use in case you can't remember the rules: Take out one of the pronouns to see if the sentence sounds right. With the first example, if you took out Timmy, does "Read a story to I" sound right? No, but "Read a story to me" does. With the second example, take out Jerry. "Me bought a new house" doesn't sound right, but "I bought a house" does.

Independent Clause

A clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

Compound Sentence

A sentence consisting of two or more independent clauses.

Our Denver office is closed, and our Kansas City office is being remodeled.

Noun Phrase

A phrase that acts as a noun (such as a gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, or prepositional phrase).

I like "running my own business." (Gerund phrase as object.)

"To provide the best service" is our goal. (Infinitive phrase as subject.)

"Before 8" is the best time to call me. (Prepositional phrase as subject.)

Common Noun

The name of a class of persons, places, or things.

For example:
office
woman

Interjection

A word that shows emotion, that usually doesn´t have any grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence.

Wow! What a beautiful sunset.

Oh, that´s nothing.

Indirect Object

The person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb. The indirect object can be made the object of the preposition "to" or "for."

My manager gave (to) me a bonus.

Prefix

A letter, syllable, or word added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.

Examples:
a-float
re-apply
under-appreciated

(Hyphens added just to show the prefix. These words should not be hyphenated.)

Preposition

A connective that shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

Example:
The members "of the committee" were in agreement.

Direct Object

The person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb.

Self Pronouns

A common error involves the use of compound personal pronouns that end in "self" or "selves." Use of these pronouns requires a noun or pronoun expressed, to which the compound personal pronoun refers, in the same sentence.

Correct: The report was read at the meeting by me.
NOT: The report was read at the meeting by myself.

Correct: I will read the report myself.

Antecedent

A noun or a noun phrase to which a pronoun refers.

Appositive

A noun or a noun phrase that identifies another noun or pronoun that immediately precedes it.

Mr. Johnson, our neighbor, is a nice man.

Direct Address

When the speaker or writer addresses another person directly. For example:

Thank you for coming, Bob.

Object

The person or thing that recieves the action of the verb. An object may be a word, phrase, or clause.

Adjective

A word that answers the question "what kind," "how many," or "which one." An adjective may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause. An adjective modifies the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.

Coordinating Conjunction

Connects words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
(and, but, or, nor)

Article

Considered an adjective. The "definite" article is "the." The "indefinite" is "a" or "an."

Participle

A word that may stand alone as an adjective or combined with helping verbs to form different tenses.

Present Participle: Ends in "ing"; for example--jumping, reading, playing
Past Participle: Regularly ends in "ed" (looked, walked) but may be irregularly formed (lost, seen, written)
Perfect Participle: "having" plus the past participle (having found, having worked)

Noun

The name of a person, place, object, idea, quality, or activity.

Adverb

A word that answers the question "when," "where," "why," "in what manner," or "to what extent." An adverb may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Predicate

The part of a sentence that tells what the subject does, what is done to the subject, or what state of being the subject is in.

Modifier

A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies, limits, or restricts the meaning of a word.

Correlative Conjunction

Conjunction consisting of two elements used in pairs.
For example:
"both ... and"
"not only ... but also"
"either ... or"
"neither ... nor"

Pronoun Agreement

A pronoun must agree with the word for which the pronoun stands regarding number, gender, and person. This is easily one of the most common grammar errors.

Correct: Each writer can come by my office at his convenience.
Correct: Each writer can come by my office at his or her convenience.
Correct if the group is all female: Each writer can come by my office at her convenience.

NOT: Each writer can come by my office at their convenience.

Proper Noun

The official name of a particular person, place, or thing.

For example:
George
Denver
Thursday

These are always capitalized

Contraction

A shortened form of a word or phrase in which an apostrophe indicates the omitted letters or words.

Examples:
Don´t (for "do not")
Can´t (for "cannot")

Nonessential Elements

Words, phrases, or clauses that are not necessary to complete the sentence, either in meaning or structure.

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence with two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

I tried to handle the job alone, but when I began to edit the document, I realized that I needed help.

Infinitive

A verb introducted by "to." An infinitive may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Noun: To find a good job is a long process. (subject)
She is trying to find a job. (object)

Adjective: I still have two more letters to write. (modifies letters)

Adverb: He went to buy a car. (modifies went)

Singular Pronouns

The following pronouns are always singular and always take a singular verb:

anyone
anybody
anything
each
each one
everyone
everybody
everything
every
many a
someone
somebody
something
either
neither
no one
nobody
nothing
another
one

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.

We will make an exception if circumstances warrant.

Dependent Clause

A clause that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Dangling Modifier

A modifier that is attached either to no word in a sentence or to the wrong word.

Gerund

A verb ending in "ing" and used as a "noun."

Writing is a fun hobby. (subject)
I like writing. (direct object)
I am interested in writing. (object of preposition)

Phrase

A group of two or more words that lack a subject and a predicate; used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Parts of Speech

The eight classes into which words are grouped according to their uses.

noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection

Collective Noun

A noun that representsa group of persons, animals, or things.

Examples:
committee
herd

Conjunction

A word or phrase that connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Parenthetical Elements

Words, phrases, or clauses that are not necessary to the completeness of the structure or meaning of the sentence.

Pronoun

A word used in place of a noun.

Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Indefinite: each, either, any, anyone, someone, everyone, few, all, etc.
Intensive: myself, herself, etc.
Interrogative: who, why, how, etc.
Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Relative: who, whose, whom, that, and compounds such as whoever.

Punctuation

Marks used to indicate relationships between words, phrases, and clauses.

Simple Sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause.

I have no recollection of the meeting.

Abstract Noun

The name of a quality or general idea.

Examples:
integrity
patriotism